HARQUAHALA MAR 31, 1996 COTTON PLANTING DATE ADVISORY +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PINK BOLLWORM SUSCEPTIBILITY * | +---------+------------+-----------------------------------------+ | | HIGH | MEDIUM | LOW | | | v | ******************************** | ************** 647 ************* | ******************************** | | | | PLANTING WINDOWS | | | Short Season ---------------| | | | Medium Season ----| | | | Full Season | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---+ 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 HEAT UNITS (HU) ACCUMULATED FROM JAN 1 - MAR 30 v = Heat Units accumulated from JAN 1 - MAR 23 * HIGH:>50%, MEDIUM:25-50%, LOW<25% Spring Emergence after Susceptible Square PLANTING INFORMATION --------------------------------------- The planting windows presented above were developed from several years of date of planting by variety studies conducted at several AZ locations. The planting windows outline general ranges for planting full, medium, and short season varieties in AZ in relation to HU accumulations instead of dates. Another way to look at this is in terms of HU accumulation per day. Generally, we find that optimum planting conditions coincide fairly well with an occurrence of about 10 HU/day. We have begun to achieve this level of HU accumulation/day. Accordingly, full season varieties could still be planted until about 14 April without drop- ping yield potential. Popular long, medium maturity varieties, which may not be noted for strong seedling vigor, would also fit this planting period. WEATHER UPDATE -------------------------------- MAR 31 - APR 6 WEATHER: WEEKLY HIGH LOW HEAT UNITS 30 yr Norm.: 82 45 77 FORECAST: A weak storm system will move through on late Monday, bringing moderate winds, but little chance for rain. The forecast for the remainder of the week calls for clear to partly cloudy weather with gradual warming and little chance for rain. Temperatures for the week should run about 3-5 degrees above normal. Soil temperatures generally remain in the acceptable range for germination when daytime highs reach the low 80s (or higher) and nighttime lows remain in the upper 40s or higher. Last Week's 8am Soil Temp: Max = 62.6 MAR 30 ; Min = 56.5 MAR 25 AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Cotton establishment does not require a great deal of N. Plant uptake of N begins to rapidly increase as plants begin to form the first pinhead squares. Therefore, sufficient N can be supplied to a young cotton crop for establish- ment from a relatively small amount of residual soil N. Residual soil N levels of 10 ppm nitrate-N in the top 1 foot of soil equates to about 40 lb. nitrate- N/acre, which is sufficient to start a cotton crop. For optimum efficiency of N fertilization, it is best to begin N applications just prior to pinhead square formation (approx. nodes 6 or 7) with increments of approximately 40 to 70 lb. N/acre/application. If fields are being pre-irrigated, soil samples collected after pre-irrigation can be used to evaluate available N levels. HARQUAHALA APR 7, 1996 COTTON PLANTING DATE ADVISORY +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PINK BOLLWORM SUSCEPTIBILITY * | +---------+------------+-----------------------------------------+ | | HIGH | MEDIUM | LOW | | | v | ************************************ | **************** 729 *************** | ************************************ | | | | PLANTING WINDOWS | | | Short Season ---------------| | | | Medium Season ----| | | | Full Season | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---+ 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 HEAT UNITS (HU) ACCUMULATED FROM JAN 1 - APR 6 v = Heat Units accumulated from JAN 1 - MAR 30 * HIGH:>50%, MEDIUM:25-50%, LOW<25% Spring Emergence after Susceptible Square PLANTING INFORMATION -------------------------------- Earliness is becoming increasingly important to cotton production across Arizona. In western and central AZ, earliness is important as a cultural man- agement tool in dealing with pink bollworm & whitefly populations, avoiding late season humidity and heat, and also to rotate land with vegetable crops. At higher elevations, earliness is critical due to limitations in the avail- able growing season. Achieving earliness begins with planting and stand estab- lishment. Everything we can do to help maintain a vigorous and healthy stand at the early stages of the season will contribute to beginning and completing a fruiting cycle efficiently and productively. Therefore, we encourage match- varieties (vigor & maturity) with soil and HU conditions. (JCS 4/6/96) WEATHER UPDATE -------------------------------- FORECAST: Mostly sunny and dry with above normal temperatures. A storm system is expected to pass through the central mountain states during mid-week. Present forecasts indicate this storm will not generate precipitation or much cooling. However, such storms often generate fairly strong winds. Growers planning to plant this week are encouraged to seek updated forecasts. Temperatures for the week should run about 5 degrees above normal. Soil temperatures generally remain in the acceptable range for germination when daytime highs reach the low 80s (or higher) and nighttime lows remain in the upper 40s or higher. Last Week's 8am Soil Temp: Max = 65 APR 5 ; Min = 58.5 APR 1 AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Developing and maintaining a healthy root system is extremely important. Fields should be monitored routinely for root development and condition. The radicle (stinger) is the first root to appear from the seed after germination. The stem which elongates above the point of seed placement, pushing the cotyl- edons to the soil surface, is called the hypocotyl. The young tap roots should elongate at a rate of about 1 in./day through about the first 40 days after planting. Tissue of both the taproot and hypocotyl should be generally clean and white in color. Tan, watery, and/or brown tissue can indicate the presence of a fungal disease. Hypocotyls are commonly affected by fungal di- seases (soreshin). Wind can also damage hypocotyls at the soil surface. (JCS) HARQUAHALA APR 14, 1996 COTTON PLANTING DATE ADVISORY +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PINK BOLLWORM SUSCEPTIBILITY * | +---------+------------+-----------------------------------------+ | | HIGH | MEDIUM | LOW | | | v | ***************************************** | ****************** 824 ****************** | ***************************************** | | | | PLANTING WINDOWS | | | Short Season ---------------| | | | Medium Season ----| | | | Full Season | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---+ 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 HEAT UNITS (HU) ACCUMULATED FROM JAN 1 - APR 13 v = Heat Units accumulated from JAN 1 - APR 6 * HIGH:>50%, MEDIUM:25-50%, LOW<25% Spring Emergence after Susceptible Square PLANTING INFORMATION -------------------------------- One important aspect of crop monitoring in the early stages of the season is that of checking for terminal damage. Terminals on young cotton plants, prior to first pinhead square (PHS) formation, are very sensitive. Damaged or lost terminals will result in a forking of the mainstem. Early evidence of a damag- ed terminal will be the appearence of an over-extended petiole from a leaf oc- curring just below the terminal, which can be noted within a few days after the terminal was damaged. Some fields are showing signs of terminal damage in recent days, which could be due to wind damage. Insects should also be check- ed. Plants that lose early terminals can experience a delay of about 2 weeks in terms of first PHS formation. (JCS 4/12/96) WEATHER UPDATE -------------------------------- FORECAST: Mostly sunny and dry with warm temperatures Monday and Tuesday. A spring storm system is expected to pass north of Arizona on Wednesday, bringing higher winds and slightly cooler temperatures for the remainder of the week. Precipitation with this storm is expected to be light and confined to northern Arizona. Temperatures should run 1-3 F above normal for the week. Last Week's 8am Soil Temp: Max = 67.6 APR 11 ; Min = 64.9 APR 8 AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Early node production by young plants should proceed at a rate of about 1 node per 100 HU accumulated since planting (HUAP). This can be delayed if problems in emergence and stand establishment are encountered (i.e. from deep plantings or crusting). The first pinhead squares (PHS) should be forming by the time 600 to 700 HU are accumulated since planting (HUAP). This means PHS should first appear at nodes 5, 6, or 7; which represents an important step towards achieving an early crop. Management for good square retention includes proper timing of the first post-planting irrigation and pest management. The first application of N fertilizer should be made near first PHS formation. Care should be taken to avoid mechanical damage of early squares. (JCS 4/12/96). HARQUAHALA APR 21, 1996 COTTON PLANTING DATE ADVISORY +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PINK BOLLWORM SUSCEPTIBILITY * | +---------+------------+-----------------------------------------+ | | HIGH | MEDIUM | LOW | | | v | ********************************************* | ******************** 909 ******************** | ********************************************* | | | | PLANTING WINDOWS | | | Short Season ---------------| | | | Medium Season ----| | | | Full Season | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---+ 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 HEAT UNITS (HU) ACCUMULATED FROM JAN 1 - APR 20 v = Heat Units accumulated from JAN 1 - APR 13 * HIGH:>50%, MEDIUM:25-50%, LOW<25% Spring Emergence after Susceptible Square PLANTING INFORMATION -------------------------------- At this stage in the season, subsequent plantings should probably be utilizing medium or short-season varieties. This will better enable a grower to accom- plish a larger portion of the primary fruiting cycle before the onset of extremely hot and/or humid weather, or heavy insect (i.e. whitefly) popula- tions. In general, more indeterminate (longer season) varieties exhibit greater vegetative tendencies if planted beyond an early, more optimal planting date. Early vegetative symptoms can include delayed fruiting and high height to node ratios. For the more determinate varieties that are planted, it is impor- tant to recognize the need to avoid water stress throughout the entire fruiting cycle to encourage fruiting and earliness.(JCS 4/96) WEATHER UPDATE -------------------------------- FORECAST: Sunny and dry with increasing temperatures through Friday. A storm system in the central Rockies will bring windy conditions mid-week, but no cold air is expected after the storm passes. Temperatures will run about 5 F above normal early in the week and increase to more than 10 F above normal by Friday. Soil temperatures generally remain in the acceptable range for germination when daytime highs reach the low 80s (or higher) and nighttime lows remain in the upper 40s or higher. Last Week's 8am Soil Temp: Max = 67.6 APR 11 ; Min = 64.9 APR 8 AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- True to recent UA Cotton Advisory weather forecasts, dry and windy conditions have been common across the state. One of the consequences of experiencing strong winds early in the season can be terminal damage from blowing soil particles. Young cotton plants are particularly sucseptible to this type of terminal damage between the time first true leaves are set to the occurence of first pinhead squares (PHS). Early evidence of terminal loss will often be the appearance of an over-extended petiole from a leaf occurring just below the terminal. Fields should also be monitored for early insects. Windy conditions can also cause rapid drying of the surface soil, which can sometimes be a pro- blem for small seedling plants, particularly in coarse soils. (JSC 4/20/96) HARQUAHALA APR 28, 1996 COTTON PLANTING DATE ADVISORY +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PINK BOLLWORM SUSCEPTIBILITY * | +---------+------------+-----------------------------------------+ | | HIGH | MEDIUM | LOW | | | v | **************************************************** | *********************** 1033 *********************** | **************************************************** | | | | PLANTING WINDOWS | | | Short Season ---------------| | | | Medium Season ----| | | | Full Season | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---+ 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 HEAT UNITS (HU) ACCUMULATED FROM JAN 1 - APR 27 v = Heat Units accumulated from JAN 1 - APR 20 * HIGH:>50%, MEDIUM:25-50%, LOW<25% Spring Emergence after Susceptible Square PLANTING INFORMATION -------------------------------- Important steps in early cotton plant development that can be easily monitored in the field include the development of new nodes. In a relatively warm year, such as this one, plant growth and node generation will proceed rather rapid- ly. In general, we find that approximately 100 heat units (HU) are required to produce every new node, provided water is not limiting. The variation in HUs required to produce a new node is slight, but it can be predicted fairly well using the following equation: Nodes = 3.82046 + 0.007984 X (HUAP). If a crop has 700 HUAP, we should expect to find about 9 nodes on the plants and signs of early pinhead squares (PHS) being formed, hopefully at nodes 5, 6, or 7. Early PHS should appear about 40 days after planting. (JCS 4/96) WEATHER UPDATE -------------------------------- FORECAST: Sunny, warm and dry this week. Monday temperatures will run near normal, but rapid mid-week warming will increase temperatures to about 10 degrees above normal by week's end. Growers are encouraged to closely monitor the soil water status of young cotton stands. Timing of the first post-plant irrigation is often a difficult call. Research indicates a healthy cotton stand (planted into moisture) rarely needs irrigation prior to pinhead square (PHS; 700 HU after planting). Coarse soils provide the major exception to this rule. After PHS, water use rises quickly and soil water status should be monitored closely to avoid crop water stress. Last Week's 8am Soil Temp: Max = 75.6 APR 28 ; Min = 63.5 APR 22 AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- In an attempt to achieve a high level of efficiency with important crop inputs such as N, it is best to apply them at a time that coincides with crop needs. For N in irrigated cotton, preplant applications are often some of the least efficient. Plant uptake of N increases rapidly near the time when pinhead squares (PHS) are formed. Applications of fertilizer N should begin (with about 50 lbs. N/acre per application) as plants approach PHS when the early irrigations after planting are scheduled. Root development is also very rapid at this stage of the season. By one month after planting roots should be about 36 inches deep and extending to the middle of the rows. Therefore, cultiva- tions and fertilizations can effect root systems very early. (JCS 4/96) HARQUAHALA COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY MAY 5, 1996 PLANTING DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | v | | | | | | | 3/1 **************** 814 | | v | | | | | | | | 3/15************** 707 | | v | | | | | | | | 4/1 *********** 535 | | v | | | | | | | | 4/15******* 364 | | | | | | | | | | 5/1 ** 88 | | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to MAY 4 v = Heat Units on APR 27; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties MANAGEMENT UPDATE -------------------------------- We commonly describe crop growth and development in terms of heat units accum- ulated since planting (HUAP) for Arizona cotton production systems. However, many people monitoring cotton crops like to refer to days after planting (DAP) as a general reference for noting important stages in crop development. For example, we look for the first pinhead squares (PHS) at about 700 HUAP. First PHS are also often targeted for about 40 DAP. In years like 1996, with very warm conditions and rapid HU accumuluations, tracking HUAP can often better take into account unique seasonal conditions. With crop development moving at a rapid pace this season, several important events such as first in-season fertilizations and irrigations may occur earlier than expected. (JCS 5/96) MAY 5 - MAY 11 WEATHER -------------------------------- WEEK HIGH LOW HEAT UNITS 30 yr Norm.: 91 55 119 Last Year : 84 55 99 WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Sunny and dry with hot days and mild nights. Temperatures should run about 7 F above normal. Little chance for rain. AZMET estimates atmospheric evaporative demand by computing reference evapo- transpiration (ETo). Meteorological data used to compute ETo include tempera- ture, humidity, wind and solar radiation. April ETo was near record levels which should translate to above normal crop water use for crops developing at a normal rate. However, April HU data indicates crop development is ahead of normal. This above normal ETo and HU accumulation may require earlier (than normal) dates for the first post-plant irrigation. Careful soil moisture monitoring is encouraged! Spring emergence of PBW should be about 39% complete at this time. Heat Units (HU) are running normal. HU last week = 135. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 1170; Last year = 981. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): .41" .26" .26" .26" .26" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Early square formation and retention are critical steps toward realizing an early crop and strong yield potentials. First pinhead squares (PHS) should be formed at nodes 5,6, or 7, and should be noted at about 700 HUAP. If these squares are retained, they should reach the matchhead square (MHS) stage at about 900 HUAP, and first bloom (FB) at about 1200 HUAP. At these stages of development, plants should also have about 9 (PHS), 11 (MHS), and 13 (FB) mainstem nodes. For optimum timing of the first post-plant irrigation, we should monitor soils in the top 2-3 ft. and look for about 50% plant-available water remaining. This should coincide with a time ranging from PHS to FB, de- pending on conditions, with an optimum target of MHS (900 HUAP). (JCS 5/96) HARQUAHALA COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY MAY 12, 1996 PLANTING DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | v | | | | | | | 3/1 ******************* 946 | | v | | | | | | | 3/15***************** 839 | | v | | | | | | | | 4/1 ************* 667 | | v | | | | | | | | 4/15********** 496 | |v | | | | | | | | 5/1 **** 220 | | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to MAY 11 v = Heat Units on MAY 4; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- Verify the presence & timing of pinhead squares (PHS at 700 HUAP) & susceptible squares (SS at 900 HUAP) in each field. SS are identified by the presence of the developing bud pushing through the top of the green PHS. These squares are susceptible to PBW (200 HU after PHS). PHS treatments, if used, should be applied just prior to the onset of SS (at about 850 HUAP). Do not exceed 3 PHS treatments & use materials unlike those needed later for whitefly control. Catches of 10 moths per night per trap during the 2 week period before susceptible square indicates a locally abundant population. Cotton adjacent to the drying desert, fallow areas, safflower, or recently cut alfalfa should be checked carefully for Lygus migrations. MAY 12 - MAY 18 WEATHER -------------------------------- WEEK HIGH LOW HEAT UNITS 30 yr Norm.: 94 58 134 Last Year : 88 55 115 WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Sunny, hot and dry. Temperatures will begin the week near record levels, then "cool" slightly later in the week. Temperatures will average about 10 degrees above normal. High evaporative demand (ETo) is continuing due to record heat, intense sun- shine, very low humidity and moderate afternoon winds. Heat unit (HU) accum- ulation also continues well above normal. This combination of high ETo and above normal HU accumlation will likely require earlier dates (than normal) for the first post-plant irrigation. Growers are encouraged to closely monitor the soil water status of young cotton stands. Spring emergence of PBW should be about 55% complete at this time. HU last week = 133. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 1302; Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): .62" .43" .24" .24" .24" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Cotton plant development is proceeding at a rapid pace with the continued hot and dry conditions we have experienced recently. Overall, crop conditions are good and we have a strong start to this season. One critical factor to consi- der at this, and all times of the season, is maintaining good soil-water con- ditions for the developing crop. The cotton plant can sustain hot and dry wea- ther and continue to set and hold fruit, as long as ample soil-water is pro- vided. A general target for the first post-plant irrigation is between 800 to 1000 HUAP (about matchhead square stage). Check soil-water levels, prepare for the first irrigations, and avoid getting behind. The first applications of fertilizer N (approx. 50# N/acre) should also be made. (JCS 5/96) HARQUAHALA COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY MAY 19, 1996 PLANTING DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | |v | | | | | | 3/1 ********************** 1099 | | | v| | | | | | | 3/15******************** 992 | | v| | | | | | | | 4/1 **************** 820 | | v | | | | | | | | 4/15************* 649 | | v | | | | | | | | 5/1 ******* 373 | | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to MAY 18 v = Heat Units on MAY 11; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- Do NOT use PHS treatments on BT cotton and forego these applications in whitefly insecticide resistance prone areas, unless needed to control non-PBW pests. Verify the presence & timing of pinhead squares (PHS at 700 HUAP) & susceptible squares (SS at 900 HUAP) in each field. SS are identified by the presence of the developing bud pushing through the top of the green PHS. These squares are susceptible to PBW (200 HU after PHS). PHS treatments, if used, should be applied just prior to the onset of SS (at about 850 HUAP). Do not exceed 3 PHS treatments & use materials unlike those needed later for whitefly control. Catches of 10 moths per night per trap during the 2 week period before susceptible square indicates a locally abundant population. MAY 19 - MAY 25 WEATHER -------------------------------- WEEK HIGH LOW HEAT UNITS 30 yr Norm.: 96 59 140 Last Year : 91 59 131 WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Sunny, warm and windy with little chance for rain. Temperatures will begin the week about 7 degrees above normal, then cool to near normal levels late in the week. An active storm track located north of Arizona will produce moderate to strong afternoon winds on Monday and again late in the week. The recent stretch of above normal temperatures may generate concerns that this year's crop will suffer from heat stress. Hot weather during early development is usually not detrimental to flowering and boll production if water stress is avoided and nights remain cool. Heat stress resulting from the high temperatures and humidity of mid-summer create the most difficult heat stress for cotton. Spring emergence of PBW should be about 72% complete at this time. HU last week = 153. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 1455. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): .93" .73" .4" .25" .25" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Early season root development is very important in terms of maintaining good plant-water relations and nutrition. A strong and extensive root system allows soil-water and nutrients to be utilized in a substantial portion of the soil profile. We generally consider cotton to have an active root zone to a depth of about 4 ft., providing there are no barriers to root penetration (i.e. rock layers, gravel, solid caliche, compacted zones, etc.). The young tap roots should elongate at a rate of about 1 in./day through about the first 40 days after planting. Therefore, crops planted before about mid-April should have a taproot extending almost 4 ft. by now, from which soil-water can be extracted. Monitor soils below the top foot when timing first irrigations. (JCS 5/96) HARQUAHALA COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY MAY 26, 1996 PLANTING DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | v | | | | | | 3/1 ************************ 1216 | | | | v | | | | | | 3/15********************** 1109 | | | v | | | | | | | 4/1 ******************* 937 | | v| | | | | | | | 4/15*************** 766 | | v | | | | | | | | 5/1 ********** 490 | | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to MAY 25 v = Heat Units on MAY 18; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- Squares which are susceptible to PBW (900 HUAP) should be present in most fields this week. Do NOT use PHS treatments on BT cotton & forego these applications in whitefly insecticide resistance prone areas, unless needed to control non-PBW pests. Lygus levels should be checked in cotton and adjacent host areas. With few desert hosts available to Lygus, management of alfalfa can be an effective tactic for reducing Lygus migrations to cotton (e.g., strip- or block-harvesting). Examine sweep samples for the presence and identity of whiteflies. Once SPWFs are present, begin leaf turn sampling for adults & large nymphs on the 5th main stem leaf below the terminal (see IPM Series No. 2 [rev. 5/95] & IPM Series No. 6). MAY 26 - JUN 1 WEATHER (From Litchfield) -------------------------------- WEEK HIGH LOW HEAT UNITS 30 yr Norm.: 97 61 147 Last Year : 91 61 139 WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Sunny with increasing temperatures. Little chance for rain. Temperatures will begin the week about normal, then warm quickly to about 5 degrees above normal by mid-week. An active storm track will remain in the Central Basin which will generate higher than normal winds for this time of year. Evaporative demand continues to run at near record levels due to clear skies, high temperatures, low humidity and above normal winds. Growers are encouraged to closely monitor soil moisture. Water stress should be avoided during the primary bloom cycle. Spring emergence of PBW should be about 82% complete at this time. HU last week = 118. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 1572. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): .99" .81" .54" .26" .21" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Good progression towards an early crop and high yields includes early fruiting and good early fruit retention (FR). Fields should be monitored to identify the location of the first fruiting branch (FFB) and for the rate of early square/boll retention. Many fields had FFB occur at node 7 or less at about 700 HUAP, which is excellent. If these squares are retained, first blooms will occur near 1200 HUAP, which has begun to take place in the past two weeks with the earliest planted fields in the state. In the past two weeks we have seen an increase in square abortion in many areas. It is important to evaluate FR levels in fields and compare to UA guidelines. Identify causes if FR levels are dropping and take appropriate steps for correction. (JCS 5/96) HARQUAHALA COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY JUN 2, 1996 PLANTING DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | v | | | | | 3/1 *************************** 1331 | | | | v | | | | | | 3/15************************ 1224 | | | |v | | | | | | 4/1 ********************* 1052 | | |v | | | | | | | 4/15****************** 881 | | v | | | | | | | | 5/1 ************ 605 | | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to JUN 1 v = Heat Units on MAY 25; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- PBW spring moth emergence is nearing completion. Do NOT use PHS treatments on BT cotton & forego these applications in whitefly insecticide resistance prone areas, unless needed to control non-PBW pests. Lygus levels should be checked in cotton and adjacent host areas. With few desert hosts available to Lygus, management of alfalfa can be an effective tactic for reducing Lygus migrations to cotton (e.g., strip- or block-harvesting). Time insecticide treatment of safflower when the majority of Lygus are in the nymphal stage. Examine sweep samples for the presence & identity of whiteflies. Once SPWFs are present, begin leaf turn sampling for adults & large nymphs on the 5th main stem leaf below the terminal (see IPM Series No. 2 & IPM Series No. 6). JUN 2 - JUN 8 WEATHER (From Litchfield) -------------------------------- WEEK HIGH LOW HEAT UNITS 30 yr Norm.: 100 62 155 Last Year : 100 63 159 WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Sunny and dry with near record daytime temperatures. A strong ridge of high pressure will move over Arizona this week bringing record daytime temperatures to many areas. Fortunately, the air will remain dry and keep night temperatures in the moderate range. Temperatures will average about 6 degrees above normal for the week. Little chance for rain. June brings the hottest and driest weather in most years. Cotton tolerates this dry heat as long as water stress is avoided. With near record heat predicted for this week, growers are encouraged to closely monitor soil moisture. Spring emergence of PBW should be about 89% complete at this time. HU last week = 115. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 1687. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): 1.23" 1.05" .76" .47" .22" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Crop evaluation in many fields continues to reveal a relatively high rate of square loss. This is a trend which has continued over the past few weeks, it does not pertain to every field, but it is consistent over a broad area in southern Arizona. Most fields are not showing vegetative trends, but if square loss is occurring and fruit retention (FR) levels continue to suffer, these are the first fields to watch for vegetative potentials. It is possible that the persistent dry winds have been contributing to this square loss. However, it is critical to scout for other causes (insects, water stress, nutrition, etc.). Fields should be monitored regularly for FR and vigor (HNR) conditions, making note of any changes. Guard against any water stress. (JCS 6/1/96) HARQUAHALA COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY JUN 9, 1996 PLANTING DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | v | | | | | 3/1 ****************************** 1494 | | | | v | | | | | 3/15**************************** 1387 | | | | v | | | | | | 4/1 ************************ 1215 | | | v | | | | | | 4/15********************* 1044 | | v | | | | | | | | 5/1 *************** 768 | | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to JUN 8 v = Heat Units on JUN 1; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- Lygus & whiteflies are the main yield & quality limiting pests present now. Every effort should be made to manage these 2 pests in source crops (e.g., strip-cut alfalfa & treat melons) before they move to cotton. PCAs should sample & record numbers of Lygus (by sweeping & by examining lost/frozen squares) & of WFs (by counting adults & large nymphs on the 5th mainstem leaf below the terminal; see IPM Ser. No. 2 & IPM Ser. No. 6). When Lygus reach 15-20 per 100 sweeps, treat with single, non-pyrethroid compounds. For timing first use of Applaud or Knack (IGRs for WFs), fields should have 3-5 adults per leaf AND 0.5-1 large, visible nymph per quarter-sized disk. PBW emergence is now complete -- discontinue pinhead square treatments. JUN 9 - JUN 15 WEATHER -------------------------------- WEEK HIGH LOW HEAT UNITS 30 yr Norm.: 102 64 162 Last Year : 97 63 153 WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Sunny with hot daytime and moderate nighttime temperatures. Little chance for rain. Temperatures will average 3-5 degrees above normal for the week. June continues to produce hot and dry weather. As a result, evaporative demand continues to run at high levels. Growers are encouraged to closely monitor soil water status. It is important to avoid water stress during the primary bloom cycle. Spring emergence of PBW should be about 94% complete at this time. HU last week = 163. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 1850. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): 1.62" 1.42" 1.1" .79" .28" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- June is prime-time for Arizona cotton. We need to make good use of this time in the season in all areas. With the hot and dry conditions which have been prevalent, maintaining plant vigor is important. Water stress should be avoid- ed for all fields and adequate nutrition provided, particularly N. In some fields, a drop in fruit retention (FR) has been noted over the past several weeks, perhaps due to dry winds. Fields should be monitored for FR levels and for general vigor conditions. Vigor can be evaluated with height to node ratios (HNR). Agronomy bulletins and guidelines are available from UA Exten- sion outlining procedures for estimating FR and HNRs and also for using the information in managing N and PGR (PIX) applications. (JCS 6/8/96) QUEEN CREEK COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY JUN 16, 1996 PLANTING +/- normal DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | v | | | | | 3/1 ********************************* 1659 +2 days | | | | v | | | | | 3/15******************************* 1551 +1 day | | | v | | | | | 4/1 *************************** 1373 +1 day | | | v | | | | | | 4/15************************ 1222 +2 days | | v | | | | | | | 5/1 ******************* 970 +1 day | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to JUN 15 v = Heat Units on JUN 8; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- Lygus & whiteflies are the main yield & quality limiting pests present now. Every effort should be made to manage these 2 pests in source crops (e.g., strip-cut alfalfa & treat melons) before they move to cotton. PCAs should sample & record numbers of Lygus (by sweeping & by examining lost/frozen squares) & of WFs (by counting adults & large nymphs on the 5th mainstem leaf below the terminal; see IPM Ser. No. 2 & IPM Ser. No. 6). When Lygus reach 15-20 per 100 sweeps, treat with single, non-pyrethroid compounds. For timing first use of Applaud or Knack (IGRs for WFs), fields should have 3-5 adults per leaf AND 0.5-1 large, visible nymph per quarter-sized disk. PBW emergence is now complete -- discontinue pinhead square treatments. WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Sunny and hot with low humidity through mid-week. Higher humidity will join the hot weather in central and eastern Arizona by Thursday, bringing increased chances for scattered afternoon thrundershowers. Temperatures are expected to average 5-7 degrees above normal this week. The weak monsoonal flow that developed last week is a reminder that humid weather is only about 3 weeks away. Research suggests that humidity, when combined with high temperatures, creates added temperature stress on cotton, resulting in reduced fruit set during monsoon. It is therefore important to maximize fruit retention during the remaining few weeks of dry weather. HU last week = 185. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 2005; Last year = 1558; 30 year normal = 1876. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): 1.67" 1.5" 1.21" .97" .56" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Square abortion has been common in many areas but it has begun to decline in the past couple of weeks and we are seeing a distinct improvement in fruit re- tention (FR) in many fields. This square loss may result in a delay in early blooms for affected fields and may impact growth patterns in the next few weeks. It is a good idea to monitor fields for current FR levels at this time. We need to set and hold as much fruit as we can at this time of the season. Plant vigor (height:node ratios) is also important to monitor and can be help- ful in managing water, N fertilization, and PGR applications. It is very im- portant to avoid plant stress at this time. Refer to UA guidelines on crop monitoring procedures and associated recommendations. (JCS 6/15/96) QUEEN CREEK COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY JUN 23, 1996 PLANTING +/- normal DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | v | | | | 3/1 ************************************* 1833 +2 days | | | | v | | | | 3/15********************************** 1725 +1 day | | | | v | | | | | 4/1 ******************************* 1547 +1 day | | | v | | | | | 4/15**************************** 1396 +1 day | | |v | | | | | | 5/1 *********************** 1144 +1 day | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to JUN 22 v = Heat Units on JUN 15; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- Bemisia WFs should be sampled in every field this week. Methods are described in IPM Ser. No. 2 & IPM Ser. No. 6. Leaf-turn technique for counting adults on the 5th mainstem leaf is dependable, easy, & efficient measure of adult density. LARGE, visible (with naked eye) nymphs in a quarter-sized disk area adjacent to the main & left, lateral veins should be counted on the 5th leaf too. Count adults & nymphs on 30 leaves / field. For timing 1st use of IGRs for WFs, fields must have 3-5 adults / leaf (or 37-57% of the leaves infested with > 2 adults) AND 0.5-1 large, visible nymph / disk. Every effort should be made to use the IGRs before other WF insecticides; otherwise, a Stage II compound can be used when there are 5 adults / leaf (57% infested) present. WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- A monsoon type flow is forecasted to develop this week which will bring higher humidity, slightly cooler daytime temperatures and a chance for widely scattered afternoon thunderstorms. Rainfall probabilities will increase after Wednesday, especially in southeastern, central and higher elevation production areas. Research suggests that humidity, when combined with high temperatures, creates added temperature stress on cotton which can reduce fruit retention. The monsoon appears to be developing early this year; thus, it is important to implement management practices that will encourage fruit retention in the upcoming weeks. HU last week = 173. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 2179; Last year = 1704; 30 year normal = 2056. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): 2.15" 1.96" 1.64" 1.37" .93" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- In general, field conditions, particularly fruit retention (FR), are improving markedly in most areas in the past few weeks. However, there are some fields that suffered some early square loss, which resulted in lower than desired FR levels, that are not gaining in FR. Therefore, it is a good idea to monitor fields for current FR levels at this time. It is important to set and hold as much fruit as we can at this time of the season. Plant vigor (height:node ratios, HNR) is also important to monitor and can be useful in managing water, N fertilization, and PGR applications. It is very important to avoid plant stress at this time. UA guidelines are available that describe crop monitoring procedures and associated recommendations for crop management. (JCS 6/22/96) QUEEN CREEK COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY JUN 30, 1996 PLANTING +/- normal DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | v | | | | 3/1 **************************************** 1990 0 days | | | | | v | | | | 3/15************************************** 1882 0 days | | | | v | | | | 4/1 ********************************** 1704 0 days | | | | v | | | | | 4/15******************************* 1553 0 days | | | v| | | | | | 5/1 ************************** 1301 0 days | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to JUN 29 v = Heat Units on JUN 22; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- Bemisia WFs should be sampled in every field this week. Methods are described in IPM Ser. No. 2 & IPM Ser. No. 6. Leaf-turn technique for counting adults on the 5th mainstem leaf is dependable, easy, & efficient measure of adult density. LARGE, visible (with naked eye) nymphs in a quarter-sized disk area adjacent to the main & left, lateral veins should be counted on the 5th leaf too. Count adults & nymphs on 30 leaves / field. For timing 1st use of IGRs for WFs, fields must have 3-5 adults / leaf (or 37-57% of the leaves infested with > 2 adults) AND 0.5-1 large, visible nymph / disk. Every effort should be made to use the IGRs before other WF insecticides; otherwise, a Stage II compound can be used when there are 5 adults / leaf (57% infested) present. WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Mostly sunny and hot with a chance for afternoon thundershowers. Monsoon flow bring moderate humidity and warmer nights this week. The humidity will produce widely scattered afternoon thundershowers across much of Arizona. Rainfall probabilities will be highest in southeastern and central production areas. Temperatures will run about 3 degrees above normal for the week. HU last week = 156. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 2336; Last year = 1856; 30 year normal = 2245. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): 2.43" 2.24" 1.93" 1.66" 1.21" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Peak bloom should occur when approximately 2000 HU have been accumulated after planting. At peak bloom we should find about 7 nodes above the top, first po- sition white bloom (NAWB). Applications of fertilizer N should be completed by the time a field progresses into peak bloom. This should provide for boll de- velopment requirements in the late stages of the fruiting cycle. Avoiding N applications past peak bloom can help in avoiding vegetative growth in the event that fruit retention (FR) should drop in the later parts of the season. High N fertility levels can also delay maturity. Levels of FR should be about 60%, and hopefully higher, at peak bloom (counting the first two fruiting sites on each fruiting branch). (JCS 6/29/96) QUEEN CREEK COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY JUL 7, 1996 PLANTING +/- normal DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | v| | | | 3/1 ******************************************** 2193 +1 day | | | | | v | | | | 3/15****************************************** 2085 0 days | | | | | v | | | | 4/1 ************************************** 1907 0 days | | | | v | | | | 4/15*********************************** 1756 +1 day | | | | v | | | | | 5/1 ****************************** 1504 0 days | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to JUL 6 v = Heat Units on JUN 29; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- Bemisia WFs should be sampled in every field this week. Methods are described in IPM Ser. No. 2 & IPM Ser. No. 6. Leaf-turn technique for counting adults on the 5th mainstem leaf is dependable, easy, & efficient measure of adult density. LARGE, visible (with naked eye) nymphs in a quarter-sized disk area adjacent to the main & left, lateral veins should be counted on the 5th leaf too. Count adults & nymphs on 30 leaves / field. For timing 1st use of IGRs for WFs, fields must have 3-5 adults / leaf (or 37-57% of the leaves infested with > 2 adults) AND 0.5-1 large, visible nymph / disk. Every effort should be made to use the IGRs before other WF insecticides; otherwise, a Stage II compound can be used when there are 5 adults / leaf (57% infested) present. (June 24, 1996) WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Widely scattered mainly afternoon and evening thunderstorms (more numerous in central mountains and to southeast). High humidity will continue. Temperatures: lows in middle 80s, highs to around 113 (far western desert). HU last week = 202. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 2539; Last year = 2038; 30 year normal = 2438. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): 2.64" 2.64" 2.36" 2.08" 1.62" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Crop development in many fields in this area has generally progressed very well in recent weeks. Fruit retention (FR) levels have continued to improve. Optimum levels of FR should be about 70% at early bloom (1500 HUAP) and about 60% as crops approach peak bloom (2000 HUAP). Fields should be monitored for FR and vigor (height:node ratios, HNRs) and referenced to baseline levels de- scribed on UA guidelines. With the possibility of having higher humidities and night temperatures it will be important to monitor any changes in FR or HNR. Stage of growth can be easily estimated by counting the number of nodes above the top, first position white bloom (NAWB). The NAWB counts should be about 8 at early bloom and 7 at peak bloom. Avoid any water stress. (JCS 7/6/96) QUEEN CREEK COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY JUL 14, 1996 PLANTING +/- normal DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | v | | | 3/1 ************************************************ 2391 +1 day | | | | | |v | | | 3/15********************************************** 2283 0 days | | | | | v | | | | 4/1 ****************************************** 2105 0 days | | | | | v | | | | 4/15*************************************** 1954 +1 day | | | | v| | | | | 5/1 ********************************** 1702 0 days | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to JUL 13 v = Heat Units on JUL 6; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- Lygus may be increasing in some areas. Treat when there are 15-20 Lygus / 100 sweeps. Continue sampling WFs this week, but recognize that adults sampled within 24 hrs of a rain may not be reliable. Methods are described in IPM Ser. No. 2 & IPM Ser. No. 6. Count adults AND large nymphs by turning over the 5th mainstem leaf (30 leaves / field). For timing 1st use of IGRs for WFs, fields must have 3-5 adults / leaf (or 37-57% of the leaves infested with > 2 adults) AND 0.5-1 large, visible nymph / disk. Every effort should be made to use the IGRs before other WF insecticides; otherwise, a Stage II compound can be used when there are 5 adults / leaf (57% infested) present. In chronic areas, plan to use both IGRs before any pyrethroid use. WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Mostly sunny, hot and humid with a good chance for widely scattered afternoon and evening thunderstorms. Thunderstorms will be most numerous in the south- east and central production areas, especially adjacent to high elevation areas. High humidity will keep days uncomfortable and nights quite warm. Temperatures for the week will run about 3 degrees above normal. The first two weeks of the monsoon have brought higher humidity and increased afternoon cloudiness, but only widely scattered rains. With many fields at or near peak bloom, it is important to closely monitor soil water status. Water stress during peak bloom can greatly reduce fruit retention and yield. HU last week = 199. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 2737; Last year = 2217; 30 year normal = 2635. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): 2.2" 2.2" 2.2" 2.04" 1.65" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- With the recent increases in humidity, changes in fruit retention (FR) may take place. It is not uncommon to experience a sharp drop in FR when monsoon conditions develop. Therefore, fields should be monitored regularly to identi- fy any loss in FR. If FR drops, plants can develop vegetative tendencies, which can be interpreted by an increase in the height to node ratios (HNR). If HNRs increase significantly in a short period of time (7-14 days), applica- tions of a PGR (plant growth regulator, i.e. PIXtm) should be considered. When a field is going through an increase in HNR and loss in FR, an application of PIXtm can be most effective. If the HNR is still below the middle baseline on UA guidelines, PIXtm may not be needed yet, but continue to monitor.(JCS 7/12) QUEEN CREEK COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY JUL 21, 1996 PLANTING +/- normal DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | v | | | 3/1 **************************************************** 2581 0 days | | | | | | v | | | 3/15************************************************* 2473 0 days | | | | | |v | | | 4/1 ********************************************** 2295 -1 day | | | | | v | | | | 4/15******************************************* 2144 0 days | | | | | v | | | | 5/1 ************************************** 1892 -1 day | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to JUL 20 v = Heat Units on JUL 13; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- RE-TREATMENT GUIDE: When to treat after an IGR application depends on the WF population growth trend, adult & nymph numbers, & whether another IGR or other material will follow. For conventional materials, there should be 1) evidence that the IGR action is ceasing (see below), 2) increasing adult levels & 3) at least 5 adults per leaf. Following KNACK (at least 21 days later): there should be, 1) evidence of hatching eggs in top 5 leaves, & 2) a minimum of 0.5-1 large, visible nymph per quarter-sized disk on the 5th MSN leaf. Following APPLAUD (at least 14 days later): there should be, 1) evidence of molting young nymphs in the top 5 MSN leaves & 2) a minimum of 0.5-1 large, visible nymph per quarter-sized disk on the 5th MSN leaf. WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Mostly sunny with very hot temperatures through mid-week. Humidity will remain in the low to moderate range for this time of year, and rainfall will consist of widely scattered showers along the border and in higher elevation areas. Expect temperatures to run about 5 degrees above normal for the week. The high temperatures forecasted for this week, when combined with moderate humidity, can produce crop temperatures that are detrimental to fruit retention. Little can be done to avoid this weather-induced heat stress; however, proper irrigation management can minimize crop heat stress. Water stress limits the ability of the crop to cool itself; thus, avoid water stress this week. HU last week = 190. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 2927; Last year = 2405; 30 year normal = 2832. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): 1.98" 1.98" 1.98" 1.98" 1.76" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Counting the number of nodes above the top, first position bloom (NAWB) is an easy method of estimating stage of growth. To conduct this measure, identify the latest first position bloom (closest to the mainstem), count this node as zero (0), and count the number of nodes above this latest 1st position bloom. Count the last (top) node as the one with an attached leaf approximately 1 in. diameter (when spread out). When the NAWB count drops to 5 or less, the crop is progressing into cut-out, which should occur at about 2600 HUAP, depending on variety and fruit load. If fruit retention (FR) declines, an increase in the NAWB may be experienced, or a delay in cut-out, at the expense of the boll load. Fields should be monitored for NAWB status and FR trends. (JCS 7/20/96) QUEEN CREEK COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY JUL 28, 1996 PLANTING +/- normal DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | v| | | 3/1 ******************************************************* 2774 0 days | | | | | | v | | | 3/15***************************************************** 2666 0 days | | | | | | v | | | 4/1 ************************************************** 2488 0 days | | | | | | v | | | 4/15*********************************************** 2337 0 days | | | | | v | | | | 5/1 ****************************************** 2085 0 days | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to JUL 27 v = Heat Units on JUL 20; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- WHITEFLY RE-TREATMENT GUIDE: When to treat after an IGR application depends on the WF population growth trend, adult & nymph numbers, & whether another IGR or other material will follow. For conventional materials, there should be 1) evidence that the IGR action is ceasing (see below), 2) increasing adult levels & 3) at least 5 adults per leaf. Following KNACK (at least 21 days later): there should be, 1) evidence of hatching eggs in top 5 leaves, & 2) a minimum of 0.5-1 large, visible nymph per quarter-sized disk on the 5th MSN leaf. Following APPLAUD (at least 14 days later): there should be, 1) evidence of molting young nymphs in the top 5 MSN leaves & 2) a minimum of 0.5-1 large, visible nymph per quarter-sized disk on the 5th MSN leaf. WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Mostly sunny, hot and humid with scattered afternoon and evening thunderstorms. Temperatures will continue to run above normal--especially in the Colorado River Valley. Humidity levels will remain relatively high, keeping night temperatures well above normal. Temperatures will average about 3 degrees above normal in the southeast and central regions, and about 5 degrees above normal in western production areas. Monitor plant and soil water status closely! The recent break in the monsoon increased crop water use considerably. Water stress during bloom reduces fruit retention and yield! HU last week = 192. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 3120; Last year = 2584; 30 year normal = 3029. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): 2.09" 2.09" 2.09" 2.09" 2.09" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- When the number of nodes above the top, first position bloom (NAWB) drops to 5 or less, the crop is progressing rapidly into cut-out, ending the primary fruiting cycle. This is when the last blooms intended for harvest can best be identified. Later blooms commonly do not provide significant increases in yield, unless the fruit retention (FR) levels are very low (approx. 40% or less). If late irrigations are being considered for a top-crop, FR should be evaluated. If FR levels are not low, there is a low probability that much will be gained from late irrigations. When the last set of blooms for harvest is identified, an additional 600 HU are needed for fiber development (or 21 days). Adequate soil moisture is needed for this 21 day period. (JCS 7/27/96) QUEEN CREEK COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY AUG 4, 1996 PLANTING +/- normal DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | v | | 3/1 *********************************************************** 2973 +1 day | | | | | | v | | 3/15********************************************************* 2865 0 days | | | | | | v | | | 4/1 ****************************************************** 2687 0 days | | | | | | v | | | 4/15*************************************************** 2536 0 days | | | | | |v | | | 5/1 ********************************************** 2284 0 days | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to AUG 3 v = Heat Units on JUL 27; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- With crop cut-out August brings large numbers and a variety of late season pests. Control Lygus when numbers exceed 15-20/100 sweeps. Remember, however, that thresholds increase as there are fewer squares to protect. Monsoons can help promote the survival & development of other late season pests like aphids, and bollworm/budworm complex. Natural enemies, especially where IGRs have been used, can control moderate populations of these two pests. After boll-crack, CA has identified a threshold of 10-15 aphids / leaf. Inspect 100 terminals & at least 1 square / terminal for the presence of budworm eggs & larvae. When 10-12 LARVAE (not eggs) are found, consider spraying with single materials. See last weeks advisory for guidelines on assessing & re-treating WFs. WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Sunny with near normal temperatures and lower humidity through mid-week. Higher temperatures and increasing humidity are expected later in the week. Slight chance for afternoon thundershowers in southeast and high elevation production areas late in the week. Temperatures will run 1-3 degrees above normal. HU last week = 201. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 3319; Last year = 2762; 30 year normal = 3223. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): 2.2" 2.2" 2.2" 2.2" 2.2" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Many fields in this area should be showing signs of cut-out development. Cut- out represents the end of the first or primary fruiting cycle, and the bulk of the crop yield potential. The last set of blooms intended for harvest will re- quire about 600 heat units to develop into a full-sized, hard green boll, the stage at which fiber length development is complete. This time of year, it takes about 3 weeks to accumulate 600 HU. Final irrigations should be timed so that adequate soil moisture is provided (no water stress) throughout this 600 HU period, after which crop dry-down will not negatively effect yield or fiber quality. Top-crop potentials depend on fruit retention levels, plant vigor, variety type, pest pressure, plant nutrition, weather, etc. (JCS 8/3/96) QUEEN CREEK COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY AUG 11, 1996 PLANTING +/- normal DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | v | | 3/1 *************************************************************** 3158 0 days | | | | | | | v | | 3/15************************************************************* 3050 0 days | | | | | | |v | | 4/1 ********************************************************* 2872 -1 day | | | | | | v | | | 4/15****************************************************** 2721 0 days | | | | | | v | | | 5/1 ************************************************* 2469 -1 day | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to AUG 10 v = Heat Units on AUG 3; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- As bolls open, it is imperative to manage WFs so that lint does not become contaminated with honeydew. Plan to protect your crop through defoliation. IGRs for WFs must be used prior to 9/1 (exp. of Sect. 18). After boll-crack, CA has identified an aphid threshold of 10-15 aphids / leaf. Inspect 100 bolls/field for PBW larvae; for non-B.t. cotton, treat when there are 10% infested bolls. Natural enemies, especially where IGRs have been used, can control moderate populations of aphids, bollworm/budworms & other late season pests. Inspect 100 terminals & at least 1 square / terminal for the presence of 10-12 budworm LARVAE (not eggs). Cotton can withstand >25% leaf loss due to defoliator pests (e.g., beet armyworm, saltmarsh caterpillar). WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Expect a very hot week with moderate humidity. Near record heat is expected early in the week with a chance for widely scattered thundershowers. Increased humidity by mid-week will bring slight cooling and a better chance for rainfall statewide. Temperatures for the week should average 5-7 degrees above normal. July night temperatures were the highest in the 10-year history of AZMET. Aver- age minimum temperatures and previous records (in parentheses) for selected locations were: Yuma Valley: 80F (78F); Parker: 78F (76F); Safford: 71F (68F); Maricopa: 77F (74F); Litchfield Park: 78F (78F); Marana: 75F (74F). HU last week = 184. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 3504; Last year = 2958; 30 year normal = 3418. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 4/15 Water Use (last week): 2.11" 2.2" 2.2" 2.2" 2.2" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- When the NAWB count drops to 5 or less, the crop is progressing rapidly into cut-out and completing the end of the primary fruiting cycle. This is when the last blooms intended for harvest can be identified. Later blooms commonly do not provide significant increases in yield, unless the fruit retention (FR) levels are very low (approx. 40% or less) and the plant still has strong vigor (HNR). Backfruiting is occurring to some extent in the past 7-10 days. Plants should be monitored to see if and to what extent this is taking place. It is most common in fields that have relatively low FR. The last set of blooms for harvest require good soil moisture for at least 3 weeks. Final irrigations should provide adequate soil moisture for this period. (JCS 8/10/96) QUEEN CREEK COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY AUG 18, 1996 PLANTING +/- normal DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | v | | 3/1 ******************************************************************* 3351 +1 day | | | | | | | v | | 3/15***************************************************************** 3243 0 days | | | | | | | v | | 4/1 ************************************************************* 3065 0 days | | | | | | |v | | 4/15********************************************************** 2914 0 days | | | | | | v | | | 5/1 ***************************************************** 2662 0 days | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to AUG 17 v = Heat Units on AUG 10; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- As bolls open, it is imperative to manage WFs so that lint does not become contaminated with honeydew. Plan to protect your crop through defoliation. IGRs for WFs must be used prior to 9/1 (exp. of Sect. 18). After boll-crack, CA has identified an aphid threshold of 10-15 aphids / leaf. Inspect 100 bolls/field for PBW larvae; for non-B.t. cotton, treat when there are 10% infested bolls. Natural enemies, especially where IGRs have been used, can control moderate populations of aphids, bollworm/budworms & other late season pests. Inspect 100 terminals & at least 1 square / terminal for the presence of 10-12 budworm LARVAE (not eggs). Cotton can withstand >25% leaf loss due to defoliator pests (beet armyworm, saltmarsh caterpillar, grasshoppers). WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Mostly sunny through Friday with above normal temperatures & moderate humidity. Temperatures will begin the week slightly above normal, then increase slowly after mid-week to near record levels, especially in the Colorado River Valley. Widely scattered thundershowers are possible each day. Expect temperatures to run about 3-5 degrees above normal for the week. HU last week = 194. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 3697; Last year = 3158; 30 year normal = 3604. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 5/1 Water Use (last week): 1.96" 2.05" 2.19" 2.2" 2.2" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Most fields in this area are near or have moved through cut-out, or the end of the primary fruiting cycle. When the NAWB is 5 or less, the crop is progres- sing into cut-out. This is an important time to evaluate crop condition and determine if the boll load which has been set up to cut-out is adequate. Fac- tors to consider include: fruit retention (FR), crop vigor (easily estimated with a height:node measure), variety type, and insect pest pressure. Many fields in this area are in good condition, that is approximately 50% FR with strong vigor. However, we also have a good number of fields with low FR (<45%) that need to be identified. These are the fields that have the greatest poten- tial for a sizeable top crop, and possibly need it. (JCS 8/17/96) QUEEN CREEK COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY AUG 25, 1996 PLANTING +/- normal DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | v 3543 | 3/1 *********************************************************************** +1 day | | | | | | | v 3435 | 3/15********************************************************************* 0 days | | | | | | | v | | 4/1 ***************************************************************** 3257 0 days | | | | | | | v | | 4/15************************************************************** 3106 +1 day | | | | | | v | | 5/1 ********************************************************* 2854 0 days | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to AUG 24 v = Heat Units on AUG 17; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- Protect your crop from WFs through defoliation AND leaf drop. IGRs for WFs must be used prior to 9/1 (expiration of Sect. 18). Inspect 100 bolls/field for PBW larvae; for non-B.t. cotton, treat when there are 10% infested bolls. For Bt cotton, plan to terminate the crop before PBW populations become excessive & toxin levels begin to drop (after cut-out), otherwise treatment for PBW may be necessary when there are 10% LIVE "pink" larvae (3rd-4th instars + exit holes). Monsoons can serve to promote aphid populations. After boll-crack, CA has identified an aphid threshold of 10-15 aphids / 5th MSN leaf. Natural enemies, especially where IGRs have been used, can control moderate populations of aphids, bollworm/budworms & other late season pests. WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Mostly sunny, warm and humid with a chance for afternoon thunderstorms on most days. Near normal temperatures are expected in the southeast and central production areas while hot weather is forecast to continue along the Colorado River. The present forecast indicates a chance for widespread rain late in the week. HU last week = 191. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 3889; Last year = 3345; 30 year normal = 3790. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 5/1 Water Use (last week): 1.63" 1.7" 1.83" 1.94" 1.98" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- As decisions regarding irrigation termination are being considered, it is im- portant to evaluate crop condition each week. Many fields in this area have fruit retention (FR) levels of 45% or less. In cases where irrigations are be- ing continued in an effort to gain some degree of a top-crop it is important to monitor crop condition and additions to the boll load being provided by the top-crop. The cut-out zone on the plant can commonly be identified by a zone of distinct node compaction (very short internodes). Nodes above the cut-out zone represent top-crop fruiting sites. In many cases the top-crop fruiting sites are not improving FR markedly. Based on HU accumulation records, blooms occurring Aug. 26 will mature about 20 Sept. and open 10 Oct. (JCS 8/24/96) QUEEN CREEK COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY SEP 1, 1996 PLANTING +/- normal DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3734 | 3/1 **************************************************************************+1 day | | | | | | | | v3626 | 3/15************************************************************************* 0 days | | | | | | | v 3448 | 4/1 ********************************************************************* 0 days | | | | | | | v | | 4/15****************************************************************** 3297 +1 day | | | | | | | v | | 5/1 ************************************************************* 3045 0 days | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to AUG 31 v = Heat Units on AUG 24; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- Protect your crop from WFs through defoliation AND leaf drop. Use Stage II or III insecticides for WFs when adults exceed 5 per 5th MSN leaf. Inspect 100 bolls/field for PBW larvae; for non-B.t. cotton, treat when 10% of bolls are infested. For Bt cotton, plan to terminate the crop before PBW populations become excessive & toxin levels begin to drop (after cut-out), otherwise treatment for PBW may be necessary when there are 10% LIVE "pink" larvae (3rd-4th instars + exit holes). Monsoons can promote aphid populations. After boll-crack, CA has identified an aphid threshold of 10-15 aphids / 5th MSN leaf. Natural enemies, especially where IGRs have been used, can control moderate populations of aphids, bollworm/budworms & other late season pests. WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Mostly sunny with lower humidity and cooler temperatures this week. The lower humidity when combined with the lengthening September nights should bring some welcome relief from the warm nights of July and August. Thundershowers will continue to be a possibility, especially in the southeast and high elevation production areas. Temperatures should average near normal for the week. August weather summary: dry with temperatures slightly above normal. Departure of August temperature and rainfall from normal: Yuma +3F & -0.11"; Safford +0.5F & -0.78"; Maricopa +1.5F & -0.55"; Parker +0.5F & +0.01"; Bonita +1.0F & -1.15"; Litchfield Pk. +1.0F & -0.69"; Marana +1.0F & -1.96". HU last week = 191. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 4080; Last year = 3535; 30 year normal = 3979. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 5/1 Water Use (last week): 1.49" 1.57" 1.7" 1.8" 1.98" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- Timing the defoliant applications should take into account several factors. After the final irrigation, one should wait for a period approximately equal to 2X (twice) the normal late-season irrigation interval before applying de- foliants, or reach a point of about 70% depletion of the available soil water level. NO3-N levels in petioles should be 3,000 ppm or less for defoliation and to minimize late-season regrowth problems. Lower rates of defoliant mater- ials can be used under warm conditions (greater than 300 HU expected in a 14 day period); with higher rates required as the weather cools (refer to labels for more info.). Defoliation at this time of year can be accomplished with the use of very low rates of many defoliants with good coverage. (JCS 8/31/96) QUEEN CREEK COTTON DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY SEP 8, 1996 PLANTING +/- normal DATE+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3924 | 3/1 ************************************************************************** +1 day | | | | | | | | 3816v | 3/15************************************************************************** 0 days | | | | | | | | 3638 | 4/1 ************************************************************************* 0 days | | | | | | | |v 3487 | 4/15********************************************************************** +1 day | | | | | | | v | | 5/1 ***************************************************************** 3235 0 days | | | | | | | | | | Pin Sus 1st 1" Pk. Bloom Cut-Out Terminate | | head Sq. Flowr Boll +---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+ | | S M F S M F S M F | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-+ 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 HEAT UNITS ACCUMULATED FROM PLANTING to SEP 7 v = Heat Units on AUG 31; S,M,F = Short, Medium, and Full Season Varieties INSECT UPDATE -------------------------------- Late season pest management emphasizes control of cotton quality-reducing pests & pests that interfere with clean, efficient defoliation: honeydew producers (aphid & WF), fiber pests (PBW & associated boll rot fungi), & defoliator pests (saltmarsh caterpillar, cotton leafperforator & beet armyworm). Inputs at this point should be used strategically -- many thresholds are higher late in the season. Rains can help to reduce WF numbers & "clean-up" some stickiness. Natural enemy levels are generally very high. Aphids & WFs, however, can deposit large amounts of honeydew in a short period of time, even after defoliant use. Prompt termination, rapid harvest & deep plowdown will help to enhance pest management efforts for 1997. WEATHER UPDATE, STATISTICS & ESTIMATED COTTON WATER USE -------------------------------------------------------------- Sunny with warm days and moderate nights. The monsoon will remain moderately active through mid-week, producing scattered thundershowers. Drier and slightly warmer weather is expected late in the week. Temperatures for the week should average about 3 degrees above normal. 1996 HU accumulation from legal first planting date through 31 AUG was higher than any previous year since the inception of AZMET (10 years). HU last week = 190. Heat Unit accumulation since Jan 1 = 4270; Last year = 3729; 30 year normal = 4162. Planting date : 3/1 3/15 4/1 4/15 5/1 Water Use (last week): 1.28" 1.35" 1.47" 1.57" 1.75" AGRONOMY UPDATE -------------------------------- As fields are prepared for harvest, it can be very worthwhile to evaluate fi- nal crop conditions. Evaluation of final fruit retention (FR), fruiting pat- tern, and total fruiting branch production are important points to review at the end of the season. It is good to have approximately 50% FR of harvestable bolls (counting the first two fruiting positions on fruiting branches). Plants should have at least 25 fruiting branches contributing to yield. Lower numbers of fruiting branches at harvest reduce fruiting sites and yield potential. It is not uncommon this year to have experienced low FR rates through July and August, which may be revealed with gaps in FR. Ideally, plants should have uniform fruiting which can be indicative of heat tolerance. (JCS 9/08/96) NOTE! THIS IS THE FINAL 1996 ADVISORY: HAVE A SAFE & PROFITABLE HARVEST SEASON.